Fashion and Architecture

The natural structure can be seen and thought of as a machine, a vehicle, each piece great as a building. Thusly it could be expressed that dressing of a single gives a meaning of individual unending as do building developments however they are greater in graduated table. Way and design have numerous associations: the two of them plan to â€Å" do † cover for the individual and mirror our gustatory sensation. In this build, it is generally acknowledged that way and engineering connection began with the soonest work powers who utilized a similar stuff for their vesture and for lodging/cover. This relationship has lead nearer associations between the two subjects, for example, both Fieldss have commonalties in their plan strategy which makes them partition similar limits: Both architects and way inside decorators expect to make great, comfortable and lovely signifiers for the human natural structure. On the different manus, Architecture and Fashion vary from numerous points of view, for example, Fashion is unavoidable to expire in shorter clasp than design, it is identified with littler graduated table, and most altogether, Fashion is increasingly about selling and ingestion while Architecture is stupendous and identifies with unendingness. These distinctions entirely make a yarn of commodification and commercialization for Architecture. Engineering goes about as a creator of unending, for example , it goes about as an emblematic allegory and an operator of the general public ‘s social qualities. Since the external endless mirrors our inside infinites, this commodification and commercialization may take Architecture to lose its crucial the cultural life. Along these lines this work proposes that Architecture ought to secure occupied with human infinites, conventions and social estimations of the general public, maintainability, unendingness, and respectability of the life, rather than temporalty of way. This Master ‘s Dissertation intends to inquire about the connection among Architecture and Fashion from theoretical, creative mind, materiality and planetary positions. This review suggests that in today ‘s incredibly globalized universe, it is about difficult to design engineering separate from way since both humanistic orders are antiphonal to the people ‘ and the social orders ‘ development and condition. From a reasonable perspective, both Architecture and Fashion address mental perceptual encounters, and spacial developments. From the creative mind †visual situation of point, both humanistic controls mirror the gustatory impression of the people who involve those infinites, and from the materiality setting, Architecture and Fashion share numerous for all intents and purpose, for example, use of fabrics and stuffs, use of building, and from the planetary purpose of position, both humanistic orders and innovative people in these Fieldss get an opportun ity to associate intimately with one another in especially socially antiphonal, progressively reasonable, and practical structure. The work embarks to look into the capacity of Fashion in Architectural structure and visa verse from exploratory and interpretative positions, demonstrating primer discoveries from the writing study, visual stuffs, pronunciamento of the inside decorators, and individual perceptions and readings. This study varies from the old surveies as in albeit a significant part of the writing discovers that the connection among Fashion and Architecture is about an absolute necessity and inescapable occurring, and they propose nearer connections, this overview recommends that this reality makes a danger for Architecture to go from conceptualization and to go towards business and commodification. As such, design turns into a purchaser creation, rather than the perusing of the unbounded. This proposition is additionally evolved to design our â€Å" Fashionable Hut † . Structurally, we plan to represent the immortal engineering customized fitting to the convenience of the present day epoch.IntroductionThe halting point connection among Architecture and Fashion ( from now on An and A ; F ) is much of the time alluded to the use of a similar stuff for covering of his natural structure and for developing sanctuary of the soonest grown-up male. The ongoing show on this relationship Skin + Bones ( 24 April †10 August 2008 ) has other than investigated a few equal examples between these two subjects from 1980s to onwards. These examples included computerized plan method, use of complex geometry, hues, lines, noticeable radiations, and so forth. Globalization, which is generally acknowledged as the advancements in building, curiously travel and conveying offices, empowered both An and A ; F to grow more prospects in plan and flexibleness in application. Accordingly one of the reasons for this proposal is to look into the normal highlights and interrelatedness among Architecture and Fashion in a planetary develop. Truth be told, this idea has emerged from the perception of equal developing of materiality and assignment in way and engineering structures and executions. On the different manus, as this maestro ‘s postulation boss explanation recommends, these nearby synergisms between the two subjects may make the danger of commodification and commercialization in engineering and rather than a political direction, design may go a customer stock. The ground for this idea is that way is advertising of want while engineering is amazing ; way is bound to perish in a short clasp, while originators point unendingness by means of their melodic creations ; and most essentially, way is an instrument for fall ining to the general public, being a bit of it while design gives privateness, for example disengagement from the rest of the universe. Our central explanation is that, the halting point connection between An and A ; F, could make a danger for engineering cut bringing down the compositional political direction to the confronting and outside picture, only. Sing to the connection between An and A ; F, we take reasonable, visual-symbolism, and present day †period of globalization assaults to inquire about the synergistic and harsh connection between the two Fieldss. In the reasonable geographic undertaking, the develops of magnificence and its connection to engineering will be first investigated so as to occur out way ‘s and structures regular reason to make the lovely or impeccable safe house and home for the person. From the theoretical purpose of position, both An and A ; F mirrors the gustatory sensation, independence, and human advancement of the individual and the general public at a given period. Nonetheless, this period is enormously short for Fashion contrasted with the interminability of design. â€Å" If way is the etymological correspondence of design, way speaks to the wide †and †twirling social flows that structure and direct that phonetic correspondence † says Rybczynski, â€Å" building notori ety, each piece great as engineering goes ahead the way ‘s influence. Along these lines, at its generally essential, â€Å" the crucial design is utilization of a way on an unending so as to show our gustatory sensation ‘ . On the distinction side, the way framework, as portrayed by Barthes ( 1983, 277 ) is a â€Å" social item, with its ain unique development, and likely, with another conclusiveness†¦ through the semantic correspondence which from this time forward assumes responsibility for it, Fashion becomes account † . In this manner way controls the visual etymological correspondence as an organization of mirroring the distinction of people specifically, and the development of the general public by and large while engineering, from a more extensive perspective goes past force stringsing the visual phonetic correspondence, yet is increasingly advanced in footings of pull stringsing the build of the entire limitless. Way is somewhat a thought of the corporate independence of a given gathering, for example, same sexual orientation, age gathering, word related gathering, etc, while engineering is for everybody in a given society. While way is formed by the people, engineering shapes the ge neral public through the spacial applications. In sum, way can be depicted as the mass of the natural structure while engineering is simply the natural structure and the home environing that natural structure. On the visual and symbolism assault, An and A ; F partition more in like manner, especially with the improvements in stuff and advanced methods, for example, innovative textures, fictile building stuffs, processing machine helped plan ( CAD ) bundle, what not. One typically determined cutting edge certainty that engineering and way are both lolling the use of fictile and adaptable stuffs which empowers fashioners, for example, Zaha Hadid and Rem Koolhass to acquire unsettling strategies from the way inside decorators and way inside decorators, for example, Lucy Orta and Yeohlee Teng obtaining from the develop of urban vast and lastingness from planners However, these receptions today are watched so frequently that it holds a threat for design to be decreased to come up, and the concordance between the external and internal of the development is about lost ( this will be farther investigated and talked about in the globalization build ) . From the cutting edge position, a few issues will be investigated: It can be said that current age conditions, for example, processing machine supported structures, adaptable and enduring stuffs, designing and imparting organizations which are accessible going to everybody known to man as constraining variables Fashion, Architecture and other logical order and craftsmanship regions collaborate better than those in the days gone by. The cutting edge age is, of class, non without employments: natural issues, constrained beginnings (, for example, vitality and H2O ) , planetary warming, in-relocation and social equality, etc. In this regard, it is seen that advanced age [ 1 ] inside decorators ought to be all the more socially capable and connect in these issues more.

European History - The Renaissance in Italy :: European Europe History

The Renaissance in Italy The Italian Renaissance was known as the start of the cutting edge age. The word Renaissance itself is gotten from the Latin word rinascere, which intends to be renewed. Numerous emotional changes happened during this time in the fields of theory, workmanship, governmental issues, and writing. New accentuation was put on getting a charge out of life and your general surroundings. Skilled people looked for self-delight through craftsmanship, writing, and design, and their achievments would impact people in the future for a considerable length of time to come. This extraordinary new development was begun and focused in Italy, and without Italian commitment, could never have propelled European culture into the unfolding of another period. Toward the start of the Renaissance, Italy was isolated into somewhere in the range of 250 self-overseeing city-states, going from humble communities of 2,000 people, to the absolute biggest urban areas in Europe of that time, for example, Florence, Milan, and Venice, each with 100,000 residents each. These city-states were approximately composed under the Pope, managing out of Rome, in spite of the fact that he had no genuine political power over the isolated Italy. During the mid-1300s and mid 1400s, numerous enormous Italian urban communities went under the control of one family, for example, the Visconti and later the Sforza families in Milan. The type of government built up by the decision groups of the different Italian urban areas came to be known as signoria, with the main authority being known as the signore. Before long , expound court frameworks, constrained by the decision families, started to jump up in every city-state. At these courts, driving craftsmen, erudite people, and lawmakers assembled under the sponsorship of the signore and families. Other city states had a type of republicanism, for example, Florence and Venice did. In these urban communities, a gathering of privileged families controlled the administration, and frequently looked downward on the normal occupants of the town, believing them to be substandard. A Venetian onlooker expounded on Florence during this time: They are never content with their constitution, they are rarely peaceful, and it appears that this city consistently wants change of constitution as so the administration changes each fifteen years(Cole p.218) In Florence, which is maybe viewed as the most significant focal point of Renaissance learning ever, the Medici family overwhelmed the decision class. Under Medici mastery, Florence turned into a signorial power and a social jewel stone. It was during the rule of Lorenzo de' Medici , that numerous incredible painters, stone workers, and modelers ran to the Medici family searching for sponsorship, realizing that Lorenzo was an extraordinary supporter of human expressions.

McKinley, William

McKinley, William McKinley, William, 1843â€"1901, 25th president of the United States (1897â€"1901), b. Niles, Ohio. He was educated at Poland (Ohio) Seminary and Allegheny College. After service in the Union army in the Civil War, he returned to Ohio and became a lawyer at Canton. He entered politics and was elected as a Republican to Congress in 1876. As a congressman until 1891 (except for part of one term when his election was declared invalid), he strongly advocated protective tariffs, thus pleasing Ohio industrialists. The highly protective McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 was unpopular and helped to bring about the Republican defeat in 1892. It had already cost McKinley his seat in Congress in the election of 1890, but he had attracted the attention of the powerful capitalist-politician Marcus A. Hanna , who put the force of the efficiently organized Ohio Republican machine behind the ex-congressman. McKinley was elected governor in 1891 and again in 1893. Two years later Hanna along with Charles Dawes began a skillful and successful preconvention campaign to have McKinley nominated by the Republicans for president in 1896. The Democrats took a radical position and nominated William Jennings Bryan with a platform favoring free silver. Although McKinley had earlier favored bimetallism and voted for the Bland-Allison Act, he accepted a platform endorsing the gold standard, and the issue was squarely joined. Many conservative Democrats viewed their party's stand as reckless, and Hanna's handling of the campaign was a masterpiece of adroitness. Conservatism and McKinley won. The Republicans also had control of Congress, and in 1897 a thoroughgoing Republican tariff was adopted. McKinley's election marked the beginning of a period of Republican dominance in American politics that did not end until the 1932 election of Franklin D. Roosevelt . Interest then swung to external affairs. There was much sympathy in the United States for the rebels in Cuba, who were seeking ind ependence from Spain. The destruction of the battleship Maine gave the advocates of war a rallying cry, and McKinley made the decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war. The Spanish-American War was brief, and from it the United States emerged a world power. McKinley directed the peace commissioners to demand the Philippine Islands for the United States. This resulted in the unsuccessful and bloody Philippine insurrection (1899â€"1901) led by Emilio Aguinaldo against U.S. rule. Cuba became a U.S. protectorate. The president also signed the bill to annex Hawaii and supported the Open Door policy in China, thus vigorously advancing the interests of the United States and American commerce. The Currency Act of 1900 consolidated the gold standard policy on which McKinley had been elected in 1896. He was reelected in 1900, but his new administration was short. On Sept. 5, 1901, he addressed the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, N.Y., advocating commercial reciprocity amon g nations. The next day he was shot down by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz , and on Sept. 14 he died. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him. See biographies by C. S. Olcott (1916, repr. 1972), W. C. Spielman (1954), K. Phillips (2003), and R. W. Merry (2017); L. L. Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley (1981); S. Miller, The President and the Assassin (2011); K. Rove, The Triumph of William McKinley (2016). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

How to Conjugate the French Verb Payer (to Pay)

Congenital Birth Defects Essay - 2343 Words

1.1 Congenital Birth Defects Birth defects, congenital abnormalities are terms used to describe developmental defects that are present at birth. There are a lot of genetic and environmental interactions in the complex transition from a fertilised ovum to a fully formed human being. The stage of development that the interactions are affected influences the type of birth defects. Birth defect causes can be divided into two types, genetic and environmental causes. There are also birth defects which are caused due to multifactorial inheritance (George, 2007). Genetic causes of birth defects It has been estimated that 25% of all birth defects are caused due to genetic factors and out of these 85% causes are known (Brent, 2004).†¦show more content†¦There also occur chromosomal rearrangements which are of different types, such as translocation, inversions and insertions. Translocations represent the exchange of material between two non-homologous chromosomes. Chromosomal re-arrangements can be described as balanced or unbalanced. In balanced re-arrangements chromosome materials which have been lost or gained does not appear in the analysis under light microscope whereas in unbalanced re-arrangements chromosomes are either lost or gained which results in chromosomal imbalance. This type of balanced or unbalanced re-arrangements is associated with phenotypic abnormality like birth defects (Brent, 2004). Single gene mutations They account for 6% of birth defects and they represent malformations and affect multiple systems (Young, 2005). It is important to study the inheritance pattern of these birth defects to give the families accurate genetic advice. Autosomal dominant disorder is caused due to mutations in one allele of an autosomal gene whereas in the autosomal recessive disorder mutation happens in both the allele of an autosomal gene. X-linked recessive disorder is caused due to the mutation in the genes on the X chromosome. Males are more frequently affected as they only have one normal copy of the X-linked gene which becomes mutated unlike in females. X-linked dominant disorder is caused due to mutations in the X-chromosomeShow MoreRelatedCongenital Birth Defect: Cleft Palate Essay examples1075 Words   |  5 PagesCleft palate is a congenital birth defect. Treatment of cleft palate requires the interdisciplinary efforts of a Cleft Palate/Craniofacial team, which includes speech-language pathol ogists and dentists. Approximately fifty percent of individuals who suffer from cleft palate have been shown to have disorders in speech and/or language, with the potential to benefit from treatment (LeDuc, 2008). 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Critical Evaluation Of Continuing Professional Development In Hrm Free Essays

In this essay the writer presents a critical rating of the four phases of the Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) rhythm as a tool to back up her CPD in Human Resource Management ( HRM ) . The CPD procedure can be carried out by set abouting bit-by-bit procedure ( see, Figure 1 ) . However, the footing for most preparation remains the traditional preparation procedure system ( see Figure2 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Evaluation Of Continuing Professional Development In Hrm or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, we will utilize the traditional preparation procedure system for our analysis. Specifying the CPD poses an interesting job although a figure of high research workers and administration have categorised the different attacks. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development ( CIPD ) define CPD as â€Å" the demand for persons to maintain up to day of the month with quickly altering cognition † ( Website 1 ) . Other administrations refer to structured procedures â€Å" to keep, develop and heighten accomplishments, cognition and competency both professionally and personally in order to better public presentation at work † ( Website 2 ) . The Chartered Institute of Management ( Website 3 ) provinces that ‘Effective CPD is a committedness to professionalism – it shows that you have taken personal duty for guaranting that you have the accomplishments and cognition necessary to run into the challenges of an of all time changing universe. The procedure should profit the person, and besides the concern as a whole. Evaluation of the four phases of the CPD rhythm The traditional preparation procedure system ( see Figure2 ) of CPD rhythm comprises four chief stairss: 1 ) Identifying development demands, i.e. , placing preparation and acquisition demands ; 2 ) inventing a acquisition program – prioritizing demands and choosing appropriate activities ; 3 ) project development activities and ; 4 ) recording and measuring results ( Megginson A ; Whitaker, 2007 ) . Now, if we consider the contents of the MSc in HRM, in relation to the CPD rhythm and the writer ‘s attack to accomplishing her ends, i.e. , finishing the MSc in HRM with at-least virtue base on balls for most faculties together with appropriate atom experiences. The first measure is that placing development demands. Harmonizing to Inglis ( 1994 ) placing development demands means developing an Extraordinary Realistic Self Image ( ERSI ) , which should dwell the elements of work it self, contemplation by ego, feedback from others, single psychometric A ; self -diagnostic steps, organisational prosodies and professional prosodies. Furthermore in the instance of single identifying development needs includes, feedback from others, self-assignment, contemplation, personal A ; professional congruity and aspirations / dreams. In this instance, the writer as an person, taking all the above factors into consideration she set up her development needs as follows ; by analyzing MSc in HRM she wish to develop her ability to do an effectual part at a strategic degree in today ‘s quickly altering organisational contexts, internally or externally. She besides wants to larn more about the effectual direction and use of human resources in organisations. By the terminal of this class, she hope to accomplish more cognition about strategic position and operational position, besides she would wish to derive more cognition and accomplishments to actuate and pull off employees, and go a brooding practician in this specialist field, alleged human resources direction, and develop a strategic apprehension of HRM in relation to organisational procedures. At present the writer is merely an affiliate member of the CIPD and by the terminal of the class she aims to derive graduate rank of the CIPD and in the long clip her a spirations is to go a chap of CIPD. Now, she needs some standard for make up one’s minding which of these demands should be given precedence. In relation to this Stephen Covey ( 1990 ) emphasized the demand to concentrate on the countries that are of import and non-urgent. Megginson ( 1994 ) created a model called SPICE, which covers a scope of countries and has a memorable acronym. SPICE involves puting ends in the countries of spirit, physical, intellect, calling and emotion. Another theoretical account presented by Hawkins ( 1999 ) , alleged BEST theoretical account suggests that we can put ends that get the best out of us if we look for ends that help us to: Broaden – move us into new countries ; Enjoy – acquire us making more of the things that we love ; Stretch – take us into new countries, making more, facing bigger challenges ; Think -challenge our apprehension and command, demanding deeper penetration. The following model to take into history is the manners theoretical account discu ssed in Boydell and Leary ( 1996 ) . Each manner has certain cardinal features and strengths, and the big motions of our life, when we notice that we are sing the universe from a radically different position are about traveling from one manner to the following. Figure 3 briefly describes each of the manners, which may assist to place where we stand in our development. The theoretical account begins at the underside and as we develop we work up through the manners over the old ages. The writer is following the BEST ( Broaden, Enjoy, Stretch, Think ) theoretical account for prioritising her demands and choosing appropriate activities, it is in her position that this theoretical account is more appropriate to her instance. Because, set abouting the MSc in HRM she additions more cognition and accomplishments in the field of HRM. She is basking making the class and making more of the things she love. On the other manus the class is rather a disputing one due to the nature of the class contents and the manner of survey ( i.e. , full clip ) besides the clip constrain is a large factor. Therefore, she is stretching her ego to equilibrate the professional and personal life. However, her desire to believe in front and carry through her aspirations allows her to confront the challenges and demanding her to make more to acquire a deeper penetration of the topics. Now, traveling on to set abouting development activities, these should be in the signifier of professional work-based activities ( e.g. work undertaking and new undertaking ) , courses A ; conferences ( e.g. CIPD branch meetings ) , and autonomous informal acquisition ( e.g. reading, action acquisition and brooding journal ) . In relation to this the writer is engaged in professional work-based activities via work-placement, which allows her to utilize the theories into patterns that she learned though formal talks and farther readings. Furthermore her autonomous informal acquisition such as readings, allows her to utilize broad theoretical constructs into her assignments, tests, and practical activities. This allows optimising her cognition and accomplishments, every bit good as accomplishing her ends with assurances. Recording and measuring results – the procedure of composing helps us to condense experiences, acknowledge forms and discern tendencies. It enables us to retrieve what has gone earlier and gaining control lessons for the hereafter. It can besides be kept for CIPD upgrading applications ( Megginson A ; Whitaker, 2007 ) . The writer has included an grounds of her ain reflecting back Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) record and traveling frontward program, which spans the period of her MSc in HRM taught programme and program for farther development. She was really pleased about her overall public presentation so far, but it is in her ain position that she could hold done even better in one or two topics, nevertheless due to clip constrains and other factors which are beyond her control made it hard to execute on a highest degree for those two topics. Therefore, for the hereafter undertakings, she will fix good by reading broad scope of stuffs including talks notes and garnering critical information from varies beginnings, for illustration, this is peculiarly really of import for her thesis that will be the immediate hereafter undertaking for her. Furthermore, better pull off the clip and program in front early as possible, and she believes that will take to the better result. So far, the writer ‘s attack to formal educational CPD activities ( MSc in HRM ) explained by and large with regard to CPD rhythm. Now, she considers the whole CPD procedure by placing farther demands to travel through the CPD rhythm once more. With regard to MSc in HRM, measuring her current accomplishments, she studied broad scope of HRM maps, theoretical accounts and methods used in administrations. Through these surveies she is now able to analyze and critically measure the map of the director and administration based direction constructions alongside the function of human resource direction within a scope of organizational scenes. The writer ‘s able to show a critical apprehension of a scope of methods and theoretical accounts used in administration and concern analysis from the position of human resource direction. She have an thought of how leading developments and how learning A ; development is working in an organisation ( e.g. coaching, and e-learning ) and how is the one-year wage reappraisal managed and application of Performance Related Payment ( PRP ) system worked ; besides an up-to day of the month information about current statute laws ; the employee communications and how the people resourcing schem es managed. Therefore, she has insight cognition of broad country of Human Resource Management ( HRM ) . Furthermore the writer is able to show a theoretical and critical apprehension of the histrions, context, mechanisms, procedures, and processs that regulate and shape the employment relationship, including an grasp of the contrasting positions and readings within employment dealingss. Furthermore, she can show critical apprehension and analytical consciousness of how employment dealingss constructs, policies and patterns are applied within administrations to lend to the direction of people and organizational public presentation. As she reflecting on the results, it is her position that she need to use the cognition and accomplishments gained over the twelvemonth through her surveies. However, it is of import to observe that the writer developed her HR accomplishments in the country of Employee Relations ( ER ) through the work arrangement ; it has strengthened her ability through undertaking direction in existent life state of affairs. Recommendations As the CPD rhythm continue throughout her professional life, for the writer ‘s immediate hereafter patterns the undermentioned activities are recommended. First, outlining a realistic traveling frontward program, this should incorporate the cardinal countries of development, that has to be achieved in the following twelvemonth or so, and a clip graduated table for the reappraisal of professional development demands. Second, networking and improved communications with academic and industrial communities within the HRM field is greatly encouraged. This allows her to interchange thoughts and other information for optimised public presentations for her ego and the administration. Finally, go oning work based preparation is recommended for long-run development of her calling. Drumhead In this essay critical rating of the writer ‘s attack to the formal educational larning CPD activity ( i.e. the MSc in HRM ) with mention to the assorted phases of battle with the CPD rhythm is presented. Conducting this formal educational acquisition activity the writer seeks to broaden and intensify her consciousness of the subject of Human Resource direction, cognition and accomplishments. The class covers theory every bit good as practical applications ( i.e. , through the work-placement ) , and lead to a making ( MSc in HRM ) . Within the context of CPD procedure, the writer ‘s contemplation on her ain CPD from both a practical and a theoretical point of position are presented. Furthermore, the writer ‘s motive, battle and direction activities related to the MSc in HRM strategy are described. Finally some recommendations are suggested for the writer ‘s future pattern. How to cite Critical Evaluation Of Continuing Professional Development In Hrm, Essay examples

Lyme Disease Essays (1204 words) - Medicine, Clinical Medicine, RTT

Lyme Disease Lyme Disease Lyme Arthritis ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disorder characterized by an early focal skin lesion, and subsequently a growing red area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disorder may be followed weeks later by neurological, heart or joint abnormalities. Symptomatology ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The first symptom of Lyme disease is a skin lesion. Known as erythema chronicum migrans, or ECM, this usually begins as a red discoloration (macule) or as an elevated round spot (papule). The skin lesion usually appears on an extremity or on the trunk, especially the thigh, buttock or the under arm. This spot expands, often with central clearing, to a diameter as large as 50 cm (c. 12 in.). Approximately 25% of patients with Lyme disease report having been bitten at that site by a tiny tick 3 to 32 days before onset of ECM. The lesion may be warm to touch. Soon after onset nearly half the patients develop multiple smaller lesions without hardened centers. ECM generally lasts for a few weeks. Other types of lesions may subsequently appear during resolution. Former skin lesions may reappear faintly, sometimes before recurrent attacks of arthritis. Lesions of the mucous membranes do not occur in Lyme disease. The most common symptoms accompanying ECM, or preceding it by a few days, may include malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, headache and stiff neck. Less commonly, backache, muscle aches (myalgias), nausea, vomiting, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen may also be present. Most symptoms are characteristically intermittent and changing, but malaise and fatigue may linger for weeks. Arthritis is present in about half of the patients with ECM, occurring within weeks to months following onset and lasting as long as 2 years. Early in the illness, migratory inflammation of many joints (polyarthritis) without joint swelling may occur. Later, longer attacks of swelling and pain in several large joints, especially the knees, typically recur for several years. The knees commonly are much more swollen than painful; they are often hot, but rarely red. Baker's cysts (a cyst in the knee) may form and rupture. Those symptoms accompanying ECM, especially malaise, fatigue and low-grade fever, may also precede or accompany recurrent attacks of arthritis. About 10% of patients develop chronic knee involvement (i.e. unremittent for 6 months or longer). Neurological abnormalities may develop in about 15% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks to months following onset of ECM, often before arthritis occurs. These abnormalities commonly last for months, and usually resolve completely. They include: 1. lymphocytic meningitis or meningoencephalitis 2. jerky involuntary movements (chorea) 3. failure of muscle coordination due to dysfunction of the cerebellum (cerebellar ataxia) 4. cranial neuritis including Bell's palsy (a form of facial paralysis) 5. motor and sensory radiculo-neuritis (symmetric weakness, pain, strange sensations in the extremities, usually occurring first in the legs) 6. injury to single nerves causing diminished nerve response (mononeuritis multiplex) 7. inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis). Abnormalities in the heart muscle (myocardium) occur in approximately 8% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks of ECM. They may include fluctuating degrees of atrioventricular block and, less commonly, inflammation of the heart sack and heart muscle (myopericarditis) with reduced blood volume ejected from the left ventricle and an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly). When Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, the fetus may or may not be adversely affected, or may contract congenital Lyme Disease. In a study of nineteen pregnant women with Lyme Disease, fourteen had normal pregnancies and normal babies. If Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, possible fetal abnormalities and premature birth can occur. Etiology ~~~~~~~~ Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete bacterium (Borrelia Burgdorferi) transmitted by a small tick called Ixodes dammini. The spirochete is probably injected into the victim's skin or bloodstream at the time of the insect bite. After an incubation period of 3 to 32 days, the organism migrates outward in the skin, is spread through the lymphatic system or is disseminated by the blood to different body organs or other skin sites. Lyme Disease was first described in 1909 in European medical journals. The first outbreak in the United States occurred in the early 1970's in Old lyme, Connecticut. An unusually high incidence of juvenile arthritis in the area led scientists to investigate and identify the disorder. In 1981, Dr. Willy Burgdorfer identified the bacterial spirochete organism (Borrelia Burgdorferi) which causes this disorder. Affected Population ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lyme Disease occurs in wooded areas with populations of mice and deer which carry ticks, and can be contracted during any season of the year. Related Disorders ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disorder similar in appearance to